Dynamics of Disturbances ILAs (33 Total CEH)
ILA
#1 (8 Operating, 8 Standards, 0 Simulation)
Using actual frequency related disturbance events, describe &
illustrate how frequency control process accomplished within NERC power systems
1.
Describe & illustrate theory of frequency
control including normal versus abnormal frequency deviations, explanation of
load frequency relationship, explanation of role of inertia, description of
governor operation including concepts of droop & deadband, description of
usage of constant frequency, constant interchange & tie-line bias modes of
AGC, description of types of operating reserves, description of CPS1 & BAAL,
description of DCS, description of purpose, design & operation of UFLS
program, examine frequency control content of BAL series of Standards
(including BAL-001-2 with respect to performance standards & MW balance
concept, BAL-002-3 with respect to DCS, BAL-003-1.1 with respect to frequency
bias, BAL-005-1 with respect to AGC, examine frequency disturbance related
content of EOP series of Standards (including EOP-011-1 with respect to EEAs,
generation redispatch for transmission loading relief & manual load
shedding). (2/2/0)
2.
Step through while describing sequence of events
during 2/14/2008 disturbance event at Huntington generator in Western
Interconnection. Emphasize importance of
recovering ACE following a generation loss (BAL-001-2), importance of
recovering contingency reserve (BAL-002-3), consequences of single points of
failure in protection systems & role of RC during major disturbance
(IRO-001-4). (2.75/2.75/0)
3.
Step through & describe sequence of events
during 11/09/2016 CAL-ISO BA event in Western Interconnection. Describe how incorrect generation dispatch
orders resulted in CAL-ISO BA developing ACE of -3,245 MW & WECC frequency
dropping to 59.83 HZ. Examine this event
from a BAL-001-2, BAL-002-3, IRO-001-4 & IRO-006-5 perspective. (1/1/0)
4.
Step through & describe sequence of events
during 5/10/2011 disturbance event in Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Describe how TOPs & RCs coordinate outages
of key transmission equipment as required by IRO-017-1. Describe
how lightning strike in high impedance grounded system caused loss of 2 - 138
kV lines & eventual collapse of area power system. Describe & illustrate operation of UFLS
(emphasizing PRC-006-3 & PRC-025-2) & importance of generator UF
tripping coordination. Use synchrophasor
frequency data to illustrate value of this type data in post-disturbance
analysis. (1.75/1.75/0)
5. At conclusion
of this learning activity a written, multiple choice, true/false, or short
answer type exam is administered. A
complete review of all questions on exam to explain basics for correct
responses concludes activity. (If
partial credit awarded for this ILA student will complete an exam for portion
of ILA completed. This exam is kept for record.) At conclusion of entire course (4 ILAs) an
additional final exam is administered and results are
kept for record. (.5/.5/0)
ILA
#2 (11 Operating, 8.5 Standards, 0 Simulation)
Using actual voltage related disturbance events, describe & illustrate
how voltage control process accomplished within NERC power systems
1.
Describe & illustrate theory of voltage
control including concept of reactive power, description of cause & effects
of high & low voltage, difference between manual & dynamic reactive
reserve, explanation of Ferranti voltage rise, explanation of load/voltage
relationship, explanation & illustration of surge impedance loading, usage
of capacitors & reactors, usage of transformers for voltage control, usage
of generators for voltage control, definition of voltage stability &
voltage collapse, description of 3 types of voltage collapse, usage of P-V
& V-Q curves, examine voltage control related content of PRC & VAR
series of Standards (including PRC-010-2 as related to UVLS, PRC-019-2 as
relating to proper coordination of generation voltage related controls,
PRC-023-4 & PRC-025-2 as related to unnecessary limitations to generator
& transmission MVar loading ability, PRC-024-2 as related to proper
settings for generator voltage controls & VAR-001-5 & VAR-002-4.1 as
related to generator operator voltage control responsibilities). (2.5/2.5/0)
2.
Step through & describe sequence of events
during the 7/02/1996 & 8/10/1996 disturbance events in Western
Interconnection. Emphasize importance of
dynamic reactive reserves, need for accurate generator capability curves in
study world, & formation of island boundaries. Examine importance of accurate capability
curves as addressed in Standard MOD-025-2.
Illustrate oscillating instability using actual plots of 8/10/1996 line
flows. (2/2/0)
3.
Step through & describe sequence of events
during 8/14/2003 disturbance event in Eastern Interconnection. Emphasize importance of accurate system
operator communication (as required by COM-002-4), importance of situational
awareness, & mechanics of impedance cascade. Describe & illustrate relationship
between voltage control & angle stability.
Describe how this disturbance moved electric industry from then existing
Operating Policies to today's Reliability Standards. (2.5/0/0)
4.
Step through & describe sequence of events
during 3/13/1989 disturbance event in Quebec Interconnection. Describe & illustrate concepts of CMEs,
GICs & ESPs. Explain purpose &
usage of K-Indice & G-Scale.
Emphasize how loss of key voltage control equipment led to collapse of
Hydro Quebec system. Describe how Salem
Nuclear Unit’s GSU was damaged shortly after this event by GIC flow. Examine content of EOP-010-1 with respect to
TOP’s & RC’s GMD monitoring responsibilities & TPL-007-1 with respect
to system planners GMD preparedness.
(2/2/0)
5. Step through & describe sequence of events during 4/7/2015 disturbance
event in Washington DC area of PJM.
Describe purpose, design & operation of lightning / surge
arresters. Describe & illustrate the
operation of breaker failure schemes.
Describe purpose & illustrate operation of the DC control logic
portion of a protection system including the impact of a loose wiring
connection. Describe how protection
system testing as mandated by PRC-005-6 should have discovered this event’s DC
wiring failure. Describe and illustrate
risk of single points of failure in protection schemes. (1.5/1.5/0)
6. At conclusion
of this learning activity a written, multiple choice, true/false, or short
answer type exam is administered. A
complete review of all questions on exam to explain basics for correct
responses concludes activity. (If
partial credit awarded for this ILA student will complete an exam for portion
of ILA completed. This exam is kept for record.) At conclusion of entire course (4 ILAs) an
additional final exam is administered and results are
kept for record. (.5/.5/0)
ILA
#3 (6 Operating, 6 Standards, 0 Simulation)
Using actual angle stability related disturbance events, describe &
illustrate concepts of angle stability & angle instability.
1.
Describe & illustrate theory of angle
stability including explanation of factors that drive MW & MVar flow,
explanation of synchronizing process, description of PST operation, definitions
of angle stability & angle instability, description of how frequency
differences lead to angle instability, use of phasor diagram to illustrate
angle instability, description of steady-state, transient & oscillatory
instability using power angle curves, usage of braking resistors, fast
protection & fast valving schemes, usage of OOS blocking & tripping
relays, describe & illustrate usage of PSS, explain how RAS are often used
to avoid angle instability & describe RAS related content of PRC series of
Standards (including PRC-015-1, PRC-016-1 & PRC-017-1). Explain purpose of PRC-026-1 as it relates to
recoverable power swings. (3.5/3.5/0)
2.
Step through & describe sequence of events
during 6/25/1998 disturbance event in MAPP (now MRO) area of Eastern
Interconnection. Emphasize importance of
recovering rapidly from IROL exceedance (IRO-009-2), unexpected operation of
reclosing relays during disturbance events, & importance of coordinating
OOS tripping & blocking relays.
Describe importance of recovering from IROL violation within TV
value as described in TOP-001-4. (2/2/0)
3. At conclusion
of this learning activity a written, multiple choice, true/false, or short
answer type exam is administered. A
complete review of all questions on exam to explain basics for correct
responses concludes activity. (If
partial credit awarded for this ILA student will complete an exam for portion
of ILA completed. This exam is kept for record.) At conclusion of entire course (4 ILAs) an
additional final exam is administered and results are
kept for record. (.5/.5/0)
ILA
#4 (8 Operating, 8 Standards, 0 Simulation)
Examine how field personnel & system operator errors have resulted in or
increased severity of power system disturbances.
1.
Step through & describe sequence of events
during 6/14/2004 disturbance event in Arizona part of Western
Interconnection. Emphasize consequences
of incorrect assumptions of CB position (open versus closed), dangers
associated with voltage phase angle growth during extended faults &
exceeding IROLs in disturbance conditions.
Emphasize importance of recovering from IROL exceedance within TV
value as described in TOP-001-4 as related to overload on Western
Interconnection’s Path #66. (2.5/2.5/0)
2.
Step through & describe sequence of events
during 2/26/2008 disturbance event in Florida part of Eastern
Interconnection. Emphasize consequences
of protection engineers & system operators intentionally disabling primary &
backup protection, impact of location related differences in transient
frequency & impact of frequency oscillations. Review operation of Florida UFLS scheme in context
of Standard PRC-006-3. Describe need for
properly trained TOP & RC system operators as stated in PER-003-1 & for
properly trained support personnel as stated in PER-005-2. (2/2/0)
3.
Step through & describe sequence of events
during 9/8/2011 disturbance event in southwest corner of Western
Interconnection. Emphasize importance of
testing & understanding operation of RAS (PRC-015-1, PRC-016-1 &
PRC-017-1), cause of large phase angles across open CBs, consequences of
skipping steps in switching orders & purpose of PRC-023-4 from equipment
loadability perspective. Describe
compliance penalties issued to companies involved in this disturbance. (3/3/0)
4. At conclusion
of this learning activity a written, multiple choice, true/false, or short
answer type exam is administered. A
complete review of all questions on exam to explain basics for correct
responses concludes activity. (If
partial credit awarded for this ILA student will complete an exam for portion
of ILA completed. This exam is kept for record.) At conclusion of entire course (4 ILAs) an
additional final exam is administered and results are
kept for record. (.5/.5/0)